This incredibly well-researched non-fiction account, by
Clare Mulley, of a female Polish Resistance courier, Elzbieta Zawacka, covers her life from the time of the German invasion of Poland to her death, just shy of 100 years old. It is a remarkable story for several reasons. She was passionate about Poland regaining its briefly held independence before the Germans and Russians again divided and claimed her country. The Poles were astounding sources of information providing almost half of Britain's intelligence about the state of play on the European continent (p.243). It is told from a perspective that, I think, is seldom written about regarding the players and actions in WWII. The book describes both heroic efforts, unbelievable betrayals, and inexcusable moral depravity. This was a book that I had to frequently bookmark because I learned so many things I had not known before. Here's a sample:
The Polish Home Army was "the first national resistance movement in occupied Europe. With eventually over 400,000 men and 40,000 women in its ranks, it was also the largest resistance organisation of the Second World War." (p. 33)
"80 percent of Polish liaison officers, messengers, and couriers were women" (p.35).
"By 1944, 10,000 members of the Warsaw intelligentsia alone had been murdered" (p.35).
"there would have been no Home Army without women" (p.40)
"Within a year of the invasion, 'the average life of a liaison woman did not exceed a few months'" (p.44).
"The official German reprisal rate was now one hundred Polish lives for every German killed, but occasionally four times that rule was applied" (p.165).
"In early 1943, the Polish Armed Forces had been a crucial Allied resource. The 30,000 troops of the Polish First Corps...were trained for the cross-channel invasion of mainland Europe...60,000 soldiers of the Polish Second Corps" invaded Italy. "...11,000 men" from the Polish Air Force "distinguished themselves in the Battle of Britain, and around 5,000 men were serving with the Allies in the Polish Navy. The 400,000 strong Home Army...was lauded in a British military staff report as 'the strongest, best organised and most determined' resistance force in occupied Europe...Yet in late November 1943, Poland's leaders found themselves excluded from the Tehran Conference, the first face-to-face talks between ...Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin" (p.166).
During the Warsaw Uprising, Himmler order that "All Home Army soldiers were to be shot, irrespective of whether they had surrendered...'the part of the population not fighting, women and children, should likewise be killed'....An estimated 40,000 people were murdered on one day alone" (p.204).
Stalin refused to let the other allied countries use their air bases just east of Warsaw to bring supplies to the Poles fighting in the Warsaw uprising. As a result, they had to fly 1,800 miles over enemy territory to bring aid. The losses were so great that the Allies eventually abandoned the Home Army. The Russians stopped their invasion from the east just 12 miles short of the fighting and "let them all be slaughtered." They calculated that there would fewer fighters to contest their own invasion of Poland (p.205).
Of the estimated 300,000 Poles arrested between 1944 and 1956 [by the Russians]...6,000 had been sentenced to death and many more simply 'disappeared'" (p.267). "Approximately 20,000 Poles died in communist prisons up to 1963" (footnote, p. 267).
Elzbieta herself was in prison for seven years. From that experience, she became a champion of education, particularly for those who had had no schooling during the war, and was a pioneer in early distance education. She never quit fighting for her country and her people--a truly heroic woman.
Kirkus calls this "A well-told story from a little-known corner of World War II history."
The New York Journal of Books notes that Mulley "does an exceptional job bringing this complicated and compelling history to light." And they go on to say "The amount of research Mulley did is truly staggering, especially given
that almost all of it had to be done with the aid of translators. She
manages to tell Zo's personal story as the gripping adventure it was
while also providing the bigger canvas of her lifetime. Mulley lays out
the broader histories such as the little-known aspects of Poland's
post-war history, the Soviet domination and repression that resulted in
the arrest and torture of people, including Zo." By all means, read their entire review.
The Wall Street Journal praises "Zo was anything but ordinary, perhaps the most extraordinary individual
among a multitude of larger-than-life figures who routinely took
enormous risks to free their country from Hitler’s overlords. Her life
encapsulated Poland’s mostly tragic history in the last century, not
only during World War II but also under Soviet domination in the postwar
era..."